philisophical paper -- essays research papers

As Christians today we are faced with many ethical issues life history in our society. Every time we turn on the TV to watch the news, pick up a newspaper and read the headlines, or read a magazine about world issues we can enter situations happening in this world that ch bothenge our morals and ethics. It is our duty as Christians to populate what we believe and where we wear so we can back up our beliefs and try to interact with this world as morally correct as possible. There are some situations that we nurture no control over that appear ethically wrong to us and there is not much we can do if anything at all. At the alike time there are things that we can do to try and reach people in some situations. It is our job to slam the difference and stand up where we can moreover not force our own morals and ethical principles on everyone we come in contact with.One issue that is very plethoric in the world today and all through out the history or the earth is the issue or war and combatancy. Now as Christians we know the bible says, Thou shall not kill, but is this issue really that simple? If we just took that stance and said that as Christians we shouldnt go to war consequently our country and the world we live in would suffer. Let me get something straight right now before I go into this topic, I do not like war I think it is an ugly thing, and I wish there would not be any more wars on this earth for the correspondence of its existence. But the fact of the matter is that there is war, there always was war and there will always be war until the second coming of deliveryman Christ. War has become a way of life, it was not Gods original plan, but because of the entrance of sin into our universe, war was created. The first war we know of was a war in heaven between Satan and his angles and Jesus and His angels. All throughout the old testament we see the Israelites, Gods people, transmit by God, going to war to obtain the land that God had promised to them. War is real and has become a necessity.Just because war is here does not cerebrate that it is an ok thing to do. War came about as a result of sin with the beginning of sin there was the beginning of war. War has become a necessary means to get by in a sinful world. To protect the peace and the free way of living that we enjoy here in America, sometimes, we must go to war. As members of socie... ...o many people told them when they were growing up that they shouldnt do it. You see, its not so much that they like it but they were just told not to do these things, so they did them. We have to inform people and let them make their own decisions we cannot just force our opinions on them, and that never works. This is the homogeneous for all of our views as Christians. It does not just stop with health but it extends into our entire way of life. We must live our lives as examples for all to see. As you see in all these issues we, as Christians, must take stands on what we bel ieve is right, but we should not force our opinions and beliefs on otherwises. This is what everything boils down to. God gave us the empower of choice, and this is something he gave everyone. As Christians we are called to try to lead people to God and his work not to force them. If they want to come to him that is a personal decision, all we can do is help them along, not push them. The best way to help someone is to show him or her by example. If we set good examples for other people in all the ways mentioned in this paper then we can begin to reach other people and help them to change.

Graduation Speech: A Great Time to Be a Graduate :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Ladies and Gentlemen we are assembled here this evening to celebrate the graduation of the Community College Class of 2012. With this celebration comes legion(predicate) distinctions, honors and legacies.This is a capacious time to be a graduate of Community College, because we are a group of students who are graduating with high grade point averages, leadership skills, overall talent, improver we are leaving behind much to be admired by future classes. Our class is also a very diverse and dedicated one. As if being a student alone was not a difficult task, more of our classmates hold jobs outside of school, are active in their communities as coaches, volunteers, athletes and leaders, and many have families to take care of.Our class has much to be excited about, many positive changes have come to our school because of the efforts of those in our class. We have held many amazing programs the past two years and especially this year. We have had several subjectly known speakers and leaders visit our campus to inform us about local, national and international events. They have also come to our campus to see what has been going on here in Loyville and how they can use our models to aid other programs. We have had such(prenominal) speakers as civil rights activist Dick Gregory, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., local screen writer and producer Sherman Alexie, Gov. Gary Locke and U.S. Sen. Patty Murray. These past two years have also seen the humanitarian in artwork here as well. Several new paintings and other hangings have been presented to the college, such as Dallas M. Gray Eagle Singhurst IIs Yu Pik fur seal robe and the Loyville Community College History Mural painted by Bernie Webber. These artworks not only add to the campus but explain the history of the college and our community. There have been additions to school programs as well, including a womens soccer program, high school First Reach program designed to encourage local high school students to come to EvCC , a wellness and wellness series, and even a college rowing club designed to help students catch the spirit of rowing.Members of the class of 99 and guests, I hold in my hand for you a special gift, from the classrooms of EvCC comes tonights Top 10 List. These are the top 10 reasons to be proud to be part of the graduating class of 199910.

Dwight Eisenhower :: essays research papers

Dwight D. Eisenhower was born on October 14, 1890, in Denison, Texas. His parents, David Jacob Eisenhower and Ida Stover Eisenhower, were a deeply religious couple who belonged to a Protestant sect called the River Brethren. Dwight had two older brothers, Arthur and Edgar, and three younger ones, Roy, Earl, and Milton. As a baby, his family moved to Abilene, Kansas where Dwight&8217s father worked in a creamery. During that time, the sons raised and sold vegetables and build a variety of other jobs to contribute to household expenses (2, Ambrose). Dwight, often nicknamed &8220Little Ike to distinguish him from &8220Big Ike, his brother Edgar, impressed his fellow students. Predictions that appeared in their high develop yearbook saw Dwight becoming a history professor and Edgar, interestingly, President of the United States (146, Richardson).After high school, Dwight worked full-time at the creamery and helped pay for some of Edgar&8217s college expenses (12, Ambrose). Dwight neve r thought about a higher education until a friend persuaded him to apply to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He real an appointment to the academy by Senator Joseph Bristow of Kansas where later he played for the academy&8217s football team (16, Ambrose). A knee injury forced him to hold on and end his hopes of being a star halfback. In 1915, Eisenhower graduated from the academy and the military assigned him to Fort Sam Houston, where he held the rank of second lieutenant. musical composition coaching sports teams when off duty at Fort Sam Houston, he met Mamie Geneva Doud, a visitor from Denver, and started taking her to social gatherings at the base. On July 1, 1916, the mean solar day of his promotion to first lieutenant, Dwight and Mamie were married. The young couple had their first son, Doud Dwight Eisenhower, died of scarlet fever at three years old. Later, the Eisenhowers had a second son, John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower who later became an Army officer and diploma t (147, Richardson).In Eisenhower&8217s commission, he directed tank training programs for officers and recruits at Camp Colt, located at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. After World contend I, Eisenhower served as one of Brigadier General Fox Conner&8217s staff officers. Conner&8217s self-discipline and attention to detail impressed Eisenhower. Conner supported Eisenhower in his memory access to the Army&8217s &8220leadership factory. In 1926, Eisenhower graduated first in his class of 275 top Army officers who survived a highly demanding training in tactical maneuver and various other military skills.

The Use of Satire in Gullivers Travels Essay -- Literary Analysis

Satire is a literary work that uses humor, hyperbole, and derision to ridicule the pitying behaviors and customs. Rather than being judgmental, many writers utilize satire to convey their innovative ideas to change certain aspects of society. From the many writers that used satire to condemn the actions of society, Jonathan Swifts, Gullivers travels, stands as whiz of the best satirical work in human history. Published in 1726, Gullivers travels is an adventure of Lemuel Gulliver whose voyage turns into a series of disasters to various strange islands where he lives with valet and animals of various sizes, behaviors, and philosophies. Through the usage of extended metaphor and symbolism, Swift brings to light numerous religious and political follies of 18th century position society by means of the characterizations of the Lilliputians.Lemuel Gulliver is the third son of his father. He was born in the peaceful county of Nottinghamshire, where he attended post-secondary school at Emanuel College. He became an English surgeon after attending medical school at the prestigious University of Leiden. Even though, Gulliver is a smart man, he is with pop a doubt gullible. He has a simplistic unbiased side of the world. He believes everyone is just as honest and modest as he is while in reality the world is full of corrupted individuals. After University, Gulliver sets out to be a voyager. In his most significant voyage, he travels as a surgeon on the merchant ship, Antelope. While in sea, a harmful storm devastates the ship causing the crewmembers to die. Subsequently, Gulliver washes up on the shores of Lilliput as the only survivor from the Antelope. After waking up from his tribulation, he finds that he is captured and tied down... ...he testis breaking ceremony to emphasize the absurdity of any religious war.(Downie) Throughout the book, Swifts usage of satire brings to light how in the 18th and 19th century the English society was morally, socially, and politically corrupted. Swift makes it clear that every normal person wants to be concerned with honor, gratitude, common sense, and kindness, but on the contrary human intentions be always strayed into a wrong path. Works CitedSwift, Jonathan, and Alfred Bradly Gough. Gullivers Travels. Oxford Eng. Clarendon, 1915. Print.Soens, Lewis A. Gullivers Satire. Google Books. Web. 02 Apr. 2012. .Ewald, Wiliam Bragg. The masks of Jonathan Swift. Oxford, Great Britain Basil Blackwell, 1954.Downie, J.A Jonathan Swift Political writer. London Routledge and kegan Paul, 1984

The Experience Of The War In Korea Essay examples -- Personal Narrativ

The Experience Of The War In KoreaThe Korean War was a trying time for America. The nation was getting involved in a warfare that had little or no possibility of a fortunate outcome. The Korean people were divided among how the country should be run. A uniform system of government looked like it may never come to be. In order to harbor one of its vital interests as well as to prove to the rest of the world that America didnt stand for communism, the United States began taking up arms. The war would prove a nigh difficult task to achieve successfully. In fact, it was almost impossible to continue fighting what seemed to be far from a fit sacrif trumpery of American lives.It was January 10, 1950 when Robert Marrara of Arthurdale, WV, among thousands of other men, were drafted and sent to California for basic training. Robert is 59 tall with wavy, silver hair and a structure that shows just how rugged of a man he is for being 72 years old. Of Italian descent his parents immigrated h ere and he was one of several children. They lived in poverty, as most of America did, through the thick of the Great Depression. He attended electrical school after college didnt seem right for him. He is a learning ability by all standards but is far too modest to admit it. His experiences are enough to f mischance days full of stories and the personal interview he gave was a treat. Robert recalls how difficult coping with the situation in Korea was, but also how he welcomed the challengeIt was tough and, you know, but I really, I have to express that I did enjoy being, because my knowledge was my previous training before I got in the army was the very thing I needed to do the line of descent I was assigned to do. And because I could do it in such a good way and you ... ... a inch electric drill and I took a crank with me and I made a shaft for that drill so that it could drive that engine and start those engines with that electric drill and that 20 minutes or 25 minutes a fter I got back over to the quartermaster, I had all them engines running with that electric drill. From that time on, during the whole summer and fall when they had ice and ice cream I got it delivered to my tent. They delivered me ice two times a week and theyd deliver ice cream one time a week. A three-gallon can for my carburetor-ignition repair section.Throughout the interview Robert emphasized the value of his work during the war just as he values the war causal agency itself. Overall, those who died did so for a worthy cause (Marrara, Personal Interview). America backed its promises to defend South Korea, even though the effort could be viewed as ill decided.

The Experience Of The War In Korea Essay examples -- Personal Narrativ

The Experience Of The War In KoreaThe Korean War was a trying cartridge holder for America. The nation was getting involved in a war that had little or no possibility of a fortunate outcome. The Korean people were shared out among how the country should be run. A uniform system of government looked like it may never come to be. In order to protect one of its vital interests as well as to prove to the rest of the world that America didnt stand for communism, the United States began taking up arms. The war would prove a most problematical task to achieve successfully. In fact, it was almost impossible to continue fighting what seemed to be far from a worthy sacrifice of Ameri fag lives.It was January 10, 1950 when Robert Marrara of Arthurdale, WV, among thousands of other men, were drafted and sent to California for basic training. Robert is 59 t all(prenominal) with wavy, silver hair and a structure that shows just how strong of a worldly concern he is for being 72 years old. Of Italian descent his parents immigrated here and he was one of several children. They lived in poverty, as most of America did, finished the thick of the Great Depression. He attended electrical school after college didnt seem right for him. He is a genius by all standards but is far too modest to admit it. His experiences are enough to fill days full of stories and the personal interview he gave was a treat. Robert recalls how difficult coping with the situation in Korea was, but also how he welcomed the challengeIt was tough and, you know, but I really, I have to say that I did bang being, because my knowledge was my previous training before I got in the army was the very thing I needed to do the job I was assign to do. And because I could do it in such a good way and you ... ... a inch electric drill and I took a crank with me and I made a shaft for that drill so that it could drive that engine and start those engines with that electric drill and that 20 minutes or 25 min utes after I got back over to the quartermaster, I had all them engines running with that electric drill. From that time on, during the whole summer and fall when they had ice and ice flutter I got it delivered to my tent. They delivered me ice two times a week and theyd deliver ice cream one time a week. A three-gallon can for my carburetor-ignition repair section.Throughout the interview Robert emphasized the value of his work during the war just as he values the war effort itself. Overall, those who died did so for a worthy cause (Marrara, Personal Interview). America backed its promises to defend South Korea, even though the effort could be viewed as ill decided.

Republic Day Essay

In India, Republic Day honors the date on which the Constitution of India came into force replacing the Government of India Act 1935 as the governing record of India on 26 January 1950. The date of 26 January was chosen to honour the declaration of independence of 1930. It is one of the three national holidays in India. While the main show takes place in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India (currently Pranab Mukherjee), the anniversary is also celebrated with varying degrees of formality in state capitals and separate centres.India achieved independence from British rule on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful nonviolent foe and civil disobedience led by the Indian National Congress. The independence came through the Indian emancipation Act 1947, an Act of the Parliament of the United terra firma that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonweal th (later Commonwealth of Nations) India and Pakistan. India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general.The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr.B. R. Ambedkar as chairman. While Indias Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution.

Currency Risk Management Essay

Currency or Exchange target happen of infection heed is an integral part in every slosheds decisions about outside(prenominal) specie exposure. Currency find hedge st esteemgies entail eliminating or reducing this adventure, and require understanding of both(prenominal) the ways that the veer tramp risk could affect the operations of economical agents and techniques to deal with the consequent risk implications.Selecting the appropriate hedgerow st come outgy is oft fourth dimensions a daunting task due to the complexities involved in amount accu identifyly current risk exposure and deciding on the appropriate degree of risk exposure that ought to be c overed. The need for capital risk management started to arise after the break down of the Bretton Woods system and the end of the U.S. dollar complete to gold in 1973.The issue of furrows risk management for non-financial firms is independent from their core Business and is usually dealt by their somatic treasurie s. Most multinational firms shit too risk committees to oversee the treasurys st posegy in managing the diversify rate (and interest Rate) risk.This shows the importance that firms put on risk management issues and techniques. Conversely, international investors usually, but non always, manage their transform rate risk independently from the underlying assets and/or liabilities. Since their capital exposure is related to translation risks on assets and liabilities denominated in distant currencies, they tend to consider currencies as a separate asset class requiring a Currency overlay mandate. It mass be argued that judicious management of multinational firms requires currency risk hedgerow for their hostile transaction, translation and economic operations to avoid potentially adverse currency effects on their profitability and market valuation.DEFINITION AND TYPES OF CURRENCY RISKA common definition of currency risk relates to the effect of unexpected supervene upon ra te changes on the treasure of the firm. In particular, it is delimit as the possible direct passing play (as a result of an unhedged exposure) or indirect loss in the firms hard currency flows, assets and liabilities, illuminate profit and, in turn, its stock market value from an stand in rate move. To manage the supersede rate risk inherent in multinational firms operations, a firm needs to determine the specific type of current risk exposure, the hedgerow strategy and the available movers to deal with these currency risks.transnational firms are participants in currency markets by virtue of their international operations. To measure the wedge of re-sentencing rate movements on a firm that is engaged in foreign-currency denominated transactions, i.e., the implied value-at-risk (var) from deputize rate moves, we need to identify the type of risks that the firm is exposed to and the amount of risk encountered. The four main types of currency / transposition rate risk th at exist1. Translation risk A firms translation exposure is the extent to which its financial reporting is affected by exchange rate movements. As all firms generally must prepare consolidated financial statements for reporting purposes, the consolidation process for multinationals entails translating foreign assets and liabilities or the financial statements of foreign subsidiaries from foreign to interior(prenominal) currency. slice translation exposure may not affect a firms cash flows, it could involve a significant impact on a firms reported earnings and therefore its stock price. Translation exposure is distinguished from transaction risk as a result of income and losses from various types of risk having different account treatments. Translation gives special consideration to assets and liabilities with regards to foreign exchange risk, whereas exposures to revenues and expenses can frequently be managed ex ante by managing transactional exposures when cash flows take mac ulation2. Transaction risk A firm has transaction exposure whenever it has bargainual cash flows (receivables and payables) whose values are subject to unanticipated changes in exchange place due to a contract organism denominated in a foreign currency. To realize the domestic value of its foreign-denominated cash flows, the firm must exchange foreign currency for domestic currency. As firms negotiate contracts with set prices and delivery dates in the face of a mercurial foreign exchange market with exchange place constantly fluctuating, the firms face a risk of changes in the exchange rate between the foreign and domestic currency. Firms generally become exposed as a direct result of activities such(prenominal)(prenominal) as importing and exporting or borrowing and investing. Exchange rates may move by up to 10% within any single year, which can significantly affect a firms cash flows, meaning a 10% dec disembowel in the value of a receivable or a 10% rise in the value of a p ayable. such outcomes could be troublesome as export profits could be negated entirely or import m superstartary values could rise substantially3. Economic jeopardize A firm has economic exposure (also known as operating exposure) to the degree that its market value is influenced by unexpected exchange rate fluctuations. Such exchange rate adjustments can severely affect the firms prepare with regards to its competitors, the firms hereafter cash flows, and ultimately the firms value. Economic exposure can affect the present value of future cash flows. Any transaction that exposes the firm to foreign exchange risk also exposes the firm economically, but economic exposure can be fared by other business activities and enthronements which may not be mere international transactions, such as future cash flows from fixed assets. A shift in exchange rates that influences the demand for a good in some ground would also be an economic exposure for a firm that sells that good and4. Cont ingent Risk A firm has contingent exposure when squallding for foreign projects or negotiating other contracts or foreign direct investments. Such an exposure arises from the potential for a firm to suddenly face a transactional or economic foreign exchange risk, contingent on the outcome of some contract or negotiation. For example, a firm could be waiting for a project bid to be accepted by a foreign business or government that if accepted would result in an immediate receivable. While waiting, the firm faces a contingent exposure from the uncertainty as to whether or not that receivable will happen. If the bid is accepted and a receivable is paid the firm thus faces a transaction exposure, so a firm may prefer to manage contingent exposures.MEASUREMENT OF EXCHANGE RATE RISK by and by defining the types of exchange rate risk that a firm is exposed to, a crucial aspect in a firms exchange rate risk management decisions is the measurement of these risks. Measuring currency risk m ay prove difficult, at least with regards to translation and economic risk. At present, a wide intentd method is the value-at-risk (var) model. Broadly, value at risk is defined as the maximum loss for a minded(p) exposure over a given time horizon with z% confidence.The VAR methodology can be used to measure a variety of types of risk, helping firms in their risk management. However, the VAR does not define what happens to the exposure for the (100 z) % point of confidence, i.e., the worst case scenario. Since the VAR model does not define the maximum loss with 100 percent confidence, firms often set practicable limits, such as nominal amounts or stop loss orders, in increase to VAR limits, to r from each one the highest possible coverage.VALUE-AT-RISK CALCULATIONThe VAR measure of exchange rate risk is used by firms to estimate the riskiness of a foreign exchange part resulting from a firms activities, including the foreign exchange position of its treasury, over a certain time period under public conditions. The VAR weighing depends on 3 parameters The guardianship period, i.e., the length of time over which the foreign exchange position is planned to be held. The typical holding period is 1 day. The confidence level at which the estimate is planned to be made. The usual confidence levels are 99 percent and 95 percent. The unit of currency to be used for the denomination of the VAR. assumptive a holding period of x days and a confidence level of y%, the VAR measures what will be the maximum loss (i.e., the hang in the market value of a foreign exchange position) over x days, if the x-days period is not one of the (100-y)% x-days periods that are the worst under normal conditions. Thus, if the foreign exchange position has a 1-day VAR of $10 million at the 99 percent confidence level, the firm should expect that, with a chance of 99 percent, the value of this position will decrease by no to a greater extent(prenominal) than $10 million during 1 day, provided that usual conditions will prevail over that 1 day. In other words, the firm should expect that the value of its foreign exchange rate position will decrease by no more than $10 million on 99 out of 100 usual trading days or by more than $10 million on 1 out of every 100 usual trading days.To calculate the VAR, there exists a variety of models. Among them, the more widely-used are(1) the historical modelling, which assumes that currency buy the farms on a firms foreign exchange position will retain the same distribution as they had in the past (2) the variance- covariance model, which assumes that currency returns on a firms total foreign exchange position are always (jointly) normally distributed and that the change in the value of the foreign exchange position is linearly dependent on all currency returns and(3) Monte Carlo simulation which assumes that future currency returns will be randomly distributed. The historical simulation is the simplest method of calc ulation. This involves running the firms current foreign exchange position across a set of historical exchange rate changes to proceeds a distribution of losses in the value of the foreign exchange position, say 1,000, and then computing a percentile (the VAR).Thus, assuming a 99 percent confidence level and a 1-day holding period, the VAR could be computed by sorting in ascending order the 1,000 daily losses and winning the 11th largest loss out of the 1,000 (since the confidence level implies that 1 percent of losses 10 losses should exceed the VAR). The main benefit of this method is that it does not assume a normal distribution of currency returns, as it is well documented that these returns are not normal but rather leptokurtic. Its shortcomings, however, are that this calculation requires a large database and is computationally intensive.The variance covariance model assumes that(1) the change in the value of a firms total foreign exchange position is a linear combination of all the changes in the values of individual foreign exchange positions, so that also the total currency return is linearly dependent on all individual currency returns and(2) the currency returns are jointly normally distributed.Thus, for a 99 percent confidence level, the VAR can be calculated as VAR= -Vp (Mp + 2.33 Sp)Where,Vp is the initial value (in currency units) of the foreign exchange positionMp is the mean of the currency return on the firms total foreign exchange position, which is a weighted average of individual foreign exchange positionsSp is the standard variance of the currency return on the firms total foreign exchange position, which is the standard deviation of the weighted transformation of the variance-covariance matrix of individual foreign exchange positionsWhile the variance-covariance model allows for a quick calculation, its drawback includes the restrictive assumptions of a normal distribution of currency returns and a linear combination of the total fo reign exchange position. Note, however, that the nitrogen assumption could be relaxed. When a non-normal distribution is used instead, the computational price would be higher due to the additional estimation of the confidence interval for the loss exceeding the VAR.Monte Carlo simulation usually involves principal components analysis of the variance-covariance model, followed by random simulation of the components. While its main advantages include its ability to incubate any underlying distribution and to more accurately assess the VAR when non-linear currency factors are present in the foreign exchange position (e.g., options), its heartrending drawback is the computationally intensive process. MANAGEMENT OF CURRENCY RISKAfter identifying the types of exchange rate risk and measuring the associated risk exposure, a firm needs to regulate whether to hedge or not these risks. In international finance, the issue of the appropriate strategy to manage (hedge) the different types o f exchange rate risk has yet to be settled. In practice, however, collective treasurers have used various currency risk management strategies depending, ceteris paribus, on the prevalence of a certain type of risk and the coat of the firm.A. hedge StrategiesIndicatively, transaction risk is often hedged tactically (selectively) or strategically to preserve cash flows and earnings, depending on the firms treasury resume on the future movements of the currencies involved. Tactical hedgerow is used by most firms to hedge their transaction currency risk relating to short-term receivable and payable transactions, plot of ground strategic hedgerow is used for longer-period transactions. However, some firms decideto use unresisting hedging, which involves the maintenance of the same hedging structure and execution over regular hedging periods, irrespective of currency expectationsthat is, it does not require that a firm takes a currency view.Translation, or balance sheet, risk is hedged very infrequently and non-systematically, often to avoid the impact of possible abrupt currency shocks on net assets. This risk involves chiefly long-term foreign exposures, such as the firms valuation of subsidiaries, its debt structure and international investments. However, the long-term nature of these items and the fact that currency translation affects the balance sheet rather than the income statement of a firm, make hedging of the translation risk less of a priority for management. For the translation of currency risk of a subsidiarys value, it is standard practice to hedge the net balance sheet exposures, i.e., the net assets (gross assets less liabilities) of the subsidiary that might be affected by an adverse exchange rate move.Within the framework of hedging the exchange rate risk in a consolidated balance sheet, the issue of hedging a firms debt profile is also of predominant importance. The currency and maturity composition of a firms debt determines the susc eptibility of its net equity and earnings to exchange rate changes. To reduce the impact of exchange rates on the volatility of earnings, the firm may use an optimization model to devise an optimal set of hedging strategies to manage its currency risk. hedgerow the remaining currency exposure after the optimization of the debt composition is a difficult task. A firm may use tactical hedging, in addition to optimization, to reduce the residual currency risk. Moreover, if exchange rates do not move in the anticipated direction, translation risk hedging may cause either cash flow or earnings volatility. Therefore, hedging translation risk often involves careful weighing the costs of hedging against the potential cost of not hedging.Economic risk is often hedged as a residual risk. Economic risk is difficult to quantify, as it reflects the potential impact of exchange rate moves on the present value of future cash flows. This may require measuring the potential impact of an exchange rat e deviation from the bench mark rate used to forecast a firms revenue and cost streams over a given period. In this case, the impact on each flow may be netted out over product lines and across markets, with the net economic risk becoming small for firms that invest in many foreign markets because of offsetting effects. Also, if exchange rate changes follow pretentiousness differentials (through uvulopalatopharyngoplasty) and a firm has a subsidiary that faces cost inflation above the general inflation rate, the firm could find its competitiveness eroding and its original value deteriorating as a result of exchange rate adjustments that are not in line with PPP.Under these circumstances, the firm could best hedge its economic exposure by creating payables (e.g., financing operations) in the currency that the firms subsidiary experiences the higher cost inflation (i.e., in the currency that the firms value is vulnerable).Sophisticated corporeal treasuries, however, are developing e fficient frontiers of hedging strategies as a more integrated onward motion to hedge currency risk than buying a superfluous vanilla extract hedge to cover certain foreign exchange exposure. In effect, an efficient frontier measures the cost of the hedge against the degree of risk hedged. Thus, an efficient frontier determines the most efficient hedging strategy as that which is the cheapest for the most risk hedged.Given a currency view and exposure, hedging optimization models usually compare 100 percent unhedged strategies with 100 percent hedged exploitation vanilla anteriors and option strategies in order to find the optimal one. Although this approach to managing risk provides the least-cost hedging structure for a given risk profile, it critically depends on the corporate treasurers view of the exchange rate. Note that such optimization can be used for transaction, translation or economic currency risk, provided that the firm has a specific currency view (i.e., a possible exchange rate forecast over a specified time period).B. Hedging Benchmarks and PerformanceHedging doing can be measured as a distance to a given benchmark rate. The risk embedded in the hedge is usually expressed as a VAR number that will be consistent with the performance measure. Hedging optimization models, as methods for optimizing hedging strategies for currency-denominated cash flows, help find the most efficient hedge for individual currency exposures, while most of them do not provide a hedging process for multiple currency hedging.Thus, both performance and VAR are measured as effective hedge rates, calculated for each hedging instrument used and the risk in terms of a confidence level. A single optimal hedging strategy is then selected by defining the risk that a firm is willing to take. This strategy is the lowest possible effective hedge rate for an acceptable level of uncertainty. In this way, when the firms currency view entails a perception of volatility, options ge nerate a better or similar effective hedge rate at lower uncertainty than the unhedged position. Furthermore, when local currency has a relatively high yield and low volatility, options will almost always generate a better effective hedging rate than forward hedging.As part of the currency risk management policy, firms use a variety of hedging benchmarks to manage their hedging strategies effectively. Such benchmarks could be the hedging level (i.e., a certain percent), the reporting period especially for firms that use forward hedging to limit the volatility of their net equity (e.g., quarterly or 12-month benchmarks) and budget exchange rates, depending on the prevailing accounting rules. Moreover, benchmarks enable the performance of individual hedges to be measured against that of the firm.C. Hedging and Budget RatesBudget exchange rates provide firms with a reference exchange rate level. Setting budget exchange rates is often linked to the firms sensitivities and benchmarking priorities. After deciding on the budget rate, the corporate treasury will have to secure an appropriate hedge rate and ensure that there is minimal deviation from that hedge rate. This process will determine the frequence and instruments to be used in hedging. It should be further pointed out that persistent moves relative to the numeracies (functional) currency should be reflected in the budget rates, or strategic positioning and hedging should be considered. Firms have different practices in setting budget exchange rates.Many corporate treasurers of multinational firms prefer to use PPP rates as budget exchange rates, often with the understanding that tactical hedging may be mandatory over the short-term where the forecasting performance of the PPP model is usually poor.2 However, other multinational firms prefer to set the budget rate in unison with their sales calendar and, in turn, with their hedging strategy. For example, if a firm has a quarterly sales calendar, it may dec ide to hedge its next years quarterly foreign currency cash flow in such a way that they do not differ by more than a certain contribution from the cash flow in the same quarter of oddment year.Accordingly, this will necessitate four hedges per year, each of one-year tenor, with hedging being done at the end of the period, using the end-of-period exchange rate as its budget rate. Alternatively, a firm may decide to set its budget exchange rate at the daily average exchange rate over the previous fiscal year. In such case, the firm would need to use one hedge through, perhaps, an average-based instrument like an option or a synthetic forward. This hedging operation will usually be executed on the last day of the previous fiscal year, with starting day the first day of the new fiscal year. Furthermore, a firm may also use passive currency hedging, such as hedging the average value of a foreign currency cash flow over a specified time period, relative to a previous period, through op tion structures available in the market. This type of hedging strategy is fairly simple and easier to monitor. The relative version of the PPP theory states that bilateral exchange rates would adjust to the relative price differentials of the same good traded in the two countries.Setting budget exchange rates is also crucial for a firms pricing strategy, in addition to their importance for defining the benchmark hedging performance and tenor of a hedge (as the latter generally match cash flow hedging requirements). However, the budget exchange rate used to forecast cash flows needs to be close to the spot exchange rate in order to avoid possible major changes in the firms pricing strategy or to reconsider its hedging strategy. In this connection, it should be noted that forecasting future exchange rates is a key aspect of a firms pricing strategy. Since it has been well-documented that forward rates are poor predictors of future spot rates, structural or time-series exchange rate mo dels need to be employed for such an endeavour. This becomes evident if we compare a firms net cash flows estimated by using the forecast rate and the future spot exchange rate. For an investment in a foreign subsidiary, moreover, the budget exchange rate is often the accounting rate, i.e., the exchange rate at the end of the previous fiscal year.D. beaver Practices for Exchange Rate Risk ManagementFor their currency risk management decisions, firms with significant exchange rate exposure often need to establish an operational framework of best practices. These practices or principles may include1. Identification of the types of exchange rate risk that a firm is exposed to and measurement of the associated risk exposure. As mentioned before, this involves determination of the transaction, translation and economic risks, along with specific reference to the currencies that are related to each type of currency risk. In addition, measuring these currency risksusing various models (e.g . VAR)is another critical element in identifying hedging positions.2. Development of an exchange rate risk management strategy. After identifying the types of currency risk and measuring the firms risk exposure, a currency strategy needs to be established on how to deal with these risks. In particular, this strategy should specify the firms currency hedging objectiveswhether and why the firm should fully or partially hedge its currency exposures. Furthermore, a detailed currency hedging approach should be established. It is imperative that a firm details the overall currency risk management strategy on the operational level, including the execution process of currency hedging, the hedging instruments to be used, and the monitoring procedures of currency hedges.3. Creation of a centralized entity in the firms treasury to deal with the practical aspects of the execution of exchange rate hedging. This entity will be responsible for exchange rate forecasting, the hedging approach mechan isms, the accounting procedures regarding currency risk, costs of currency hedging, and the establishment of benchmarks for measuring the performance of currency hedging. (These operations may be undertaken by a specialized team headed by the treasurer or, for large multinational firms, by a native(prenominal) dealer.)4. Development of a set of controls to monitor a firms exchange rate risk and ensure appropriate position fetching. This includes setting position limits for each hedging instrument, position monitoring through mark-to-market valuations of all currency positions on a daily basis (or intraday), and the establishment of currency hedging benchmarks for hebdomadary monitoring of hedging performance (usually monthly).5. Establishment of a risk oversight committee. This committee would in particular approve limits on position taking, examine the appropriateness of hedging instruments and associated VAR positions, and review the risk management policy on a regular basis. Managing exchange rate risk exposure has gained prominence in the last decade, as a result of the unusual occurrence of a large number of currency crises. From the corporate managers perspective, currency risk management is increasingly viewed as a prudent approach to reducing a firms vulnerabilities from major exchange rate movements. This attitude has also been reinforced by recent international management on both accounting and balance sheet risks.HEDGING INSTRUMENTS FOR MANAGING EXCHANGE RATE RISKWithin the framework of a currency risk management strategy, the hedging instruments allowed to manage currency risk should be specified. The available hedging instruments are enormous, both in variety and complexity, and have followed the dramatic increase in the specific hedging needs of the modern firm. These instruments include both OTC and exchange-traded products. Among the most common OTC currency hedging instruments are currency onwards and cross-currency swaps. Currency forw ards are defined as buying a currency contract for future delivery at a price set today. Two types of forwards contracts are often used outright forwards (involving the physical delivery of currencies) and non-deliverable forwards (which are settled on a net cash basis). With forwards, the firm is fully hedged. However, the high cost of forward contracts and the risk of the exchange rate moving in the paired direction are serious disadvantages.The two most commonly used cross-currency swaps are the cross-currency coupon swap and the cross-currency basis swaps. The cross-currency coupon swap is defined as buying a currency swap and at the same time pay fixed and find outs floating interest payments. Its advantage is that it allows firms to manage their foreign exchange rate and interest rate risks, as they wish, but it leaves the firm that buys this instrument vulnerable to both currency and interest rate risk. Cross-currency basis swap is defined as buying a currency swap and at t he same time pay floating interest in a currency and receive floating in another currency. This instrument, while assuming the same currency risk as the standard currency swap, has the advantage that it allows a firm to allow prevailing interest rate differentials. However, the major disadvantage is that the primary risk for the firm is interest rate risk rather that currency risk.For exchange-traded currency hedging instruments, the main types are currency options and currency futures. The development of various structures of currency options has been very rapid, and is attributed to their flexible nature. The most common type of option structure is the plain vanilla call, which is defined as buying an upside strike in an exchange rate with no obligation to exercise. Its advantages include its simplicity, lower cost than the forward, and the predicted maximum losswhich is the premium. However, its cost is higher than other sophisticated options structures such as call spreads (buy an at-the-money call and sell a low delta call).Currency futures are exchange-traded contracts specifying a standard volume of a particular currency to be exchanged on a specific settlement date. They are similar to forward contracts in that they allow a firm to fix the price to be paid for a given currency at a future point in time. Yet, their characteristics differ from forward rates, both in terms of the available traded currencies and the typical (quarterly) settlement dates. However, the price of currency futures will normally be similar to the forward rates for a given currency and settlement date.Comparing currency forward and currency futures markets, the size of the contract and the delivery date are shipshape to individual needs in the forward market (i.e., determined between a firm and a bank), as opposed to currency futures contracts that are exchangeable and guaranteed by some organized exchange. While there is no separate clearing-house function for forward markets, all clearing operations for futures markets are handled by an exchange clearing house, with daily mark-to-market settlements. In terms of liquidation, while most forward contracts are settled by actual delivery and only some by offsetat a cost, in contrast, most futures contracts are settled by offset and only very few by delivery. Furthermore, the price of a futures contract changes over time to reflect the markets anticipation of the future spot rate. If a firm holding a currency futures contract decides before the settlement date that it no longer wants to maintain such a position, it can close out its position by selling an equivalent futures contract. This, however, cannot be done with forward contracts.Finally, since currency hedging is often costly, a firm may first consider natural hedging, such as (1) matching, which involves sexual union suitably a multinational firms foreign currency inflows and outflows with respect to amount and timing (2) netting, which involves the consolidated settlement of receivables, payables and debt among the subsidiaries of a firm and (3) invoicing in a foreign currency, which reduces transaction risk related primarily to exports and imports.HEDGING PRACTICES BY U.S. FIRMSAccording to the BIS (see Tables 1-4) and the International Swap and Derivatives Association, the OTC derivatives market has experienced an exponential function growth. Even with the recent slowdown due to the special disclosure requirements of FAS 133, derivatives continue to be the main hedging instrument for most firms. However, the increased availability of derivative instruments, coupled with the advent of mark-to-market hedge accounting (FAS 133 and IAS 39), implies a difficult to follow impact of derivatives on firms financial statements.Several surveys have shown certain characteristics and practices of U.S. non-financial firms using derivatives. Thus, the big the size of sales of U.S. non-financial firms, the more likely is to use derivativ es in their risk management. Foreign currency derivatives usage is most common, with almost three-fourths of the reporting firms taking positions. The primary goal of exchange risk hedging is the minimization of the variability in cash flow and in accounting earnings, arising from the firms operational activities and characteristics. Preoccupation with accounting earnings may be related to their role in analysts perceptions and predictions of future earnings and in management compensation. Furthermore, it is interesting to note that U.S. firms do not place high importance in minimizing the variation in the market value of the firm (the present discounted value of the stream of future cash flows) when they use derivatives in risk management.The choice of derivative instruments for foreign exchange management by U.S. firms is concentrated in simple instruments, with OTC currency forwards being by far the most popular instrument (over 50 percent of all foreign exchange derivatives inst ruments), OTC currency options being the second most like hedging instrument (around 20 percent of all foreign exchange derivative instruments) and OTC swaps being the third (around 10percent).Forward-type (volatility elimination) instruments are used to hedge foreign exchange exposures arising from U.S. firms contractual commitments (accounts receivable/payable, and repatriations), as recommended by the international financial literature. Option-type instruments, on the other hand, are used to hedge uncertain foreign currency-denominated future cash flows (usually, related to anticipated transactions beyond one year and to cover economic exposures). The tendency of US firms to use OTC currency forwards rather than OTC options or swaps should mainly be attributed to the relatively higher liquidity and depth of forward markets.The use of OTC instruments (forwards/swaps and options) dominates that of exchange traded hedging instruments, with currency futures being preferred by less t han 10 percent of U.S. firms and currency options being preferred by a very small percentage of firms. The prevalence of OTC instruments should be attributed to firms very specific hedging needs that can primarily be accommodated in the more-flexible OTC market.The majority of U.S. firms with a set frequency for revaluing derivatives do so on a monthly basis, with a quarter of the total firms valuing their derivatives at least weekly and a very small percentage doing so only on an annual basis. Finally, the most common methods to evaluate the riskiness of their foreign exchange positions are stress testing of derivatives and VAR techniques. lastMeasuring and managing currency risk exposure are important functions in reducing a firms vulnerabilities from major exchange rate movements. These vulnerabilities mainly arise from a firms involvement in international operations and investments, where exchange rate changes could affect profit margins, through their effect on sources for inpu ts, markets for outputs and debt, and the value of assets. Prudent management of currency risk has been increasingly mandated by corporate boards, especially after the currency-crisis episodes of the last decade and the consequent heightened international attention on accounting and balance sheet risks.In managing currency risk, multinational firms utilize different hedging strategies depending on the specific type of currency risk. These strategies have become increasingly complicated as they try to address simultaneously transaction, translation and economic risks. As these risks could be detrimental to the profitability and the market valuation of a firm, corporate treasurers, even of smaller-size firms have become increasingly proactive in controlling these risks. Thereby, a greater demand for hedging protection against these risks has emerged and, in response, a greater variety of instruments has been generated by the ingenuity of the financial engineering industry.This paper p resents some of the main issues in the measurement and management of exchange rate risks faced by firms, with special attention to the traditional types of exchange rate risk (transaction, translation, and economic), the currently predominant methodology in measuring exchange rate risk (VAR), and the advantages and disadvantages of various exchange rate risk management approaches (tactical vs. strategical, and passive vs. active). It also outlines a set of widely-accepted best practices in currency risk management, and reviews the use of some of the widely-used hedging instruments in the OTC and exchange traded markets. It also reports on the use of various derivatives instruments and hedging practices of U.S. multinationals.Based on the reported U.S. data, it is interesting to note that the larger the size of a firm the more likely it is to use derivative instruments in hedging its exchange rate risk exposure the primary goal of U.S. firms exchange rate risk hedging operations is t o minimize the variability in their cash flow and earning accounts (mainly related to payables, receivables and repatriations) and the choice of foreign exchange derivatives instruments is concentrated in OTC currency forwards (over 50 percent of all foreign exchange derivatives used), OTC currency options (around 20 percent) and OTC currency swaps (around 10 percent). From the available exchange-traded foreign exchange hedging instruments, currency futures is preferred by less than 10 percent of U.S. firms and currency options by around 2 percent.Overall, it should be noted that the data on U.S. firms are only representative of the reporting period that they refer to and are indicative of the level of sophistication of U.S. corporate treasurers and the level of development of local derivatives markets. By no means can these stylized facts be generalized for other time periods and countries, especially those with different corporate structures and capital market development. To form a better understanding of global firms practices in this area, more empirical studies would need to be undertaken to explore their exchange rate risk measurement and hedging behaviours.

How different aspects of development can affect one another Essay

PhysicalIf a child has a corporal worry, disability or delay, this could cause them to withdraw socially give away difficulty socialising suffer with depression, stress or anxiety break to behavioural difficulties surface difficulty in communicating, regarding both public lecture and body delivery and send away affect their educational growing. A child with a physical disability hatful often experience stigma concerning their physical competence and appearance, which whitethorn lead to impairment in social interactions, bullying and devaluation of an individual.For exampleA child that has a disability impact their motor function will find difficulty participating in school sports activities. If they are unable to participate and have to be kept out of these activities, they whitethorn life socially withdrawn. aggroup sports help children to create friendships through team edifice exercises, which in crimp develop their social skills. If the child cant join in, they m ay exertion to make friends and will be missing out on this social information.Sports activities help promote a healthy lifestyle. Non-participation of children, particularly those in wheelchairs, can go away overweight due to lack of exercise. This affects their body appearance and can lower self-importance-esteem, further affecting social skills and wound up wellbeing.Young children will often interact during break times by playing games in the playground these often involve running around. If a child finds difficulty running around, they may savour left out and unable to make friends. These break times also burn the excess energy that children have. If this energy is not burned, a child may focus this energy towards misbehaving/acting out. This can also lead to a child finding it difficult to concentrate in classes, affecting their learning. This can lead to a reduced rate of cognitive development regarding reading, make-up and problemskills.Children with severe visual and hearing impairments can find difficulty in building relationships and develop their social skills in the school environment. Often, these children attend schools designed to cater for similarly impaired children, making it easier for them to build these relationships and avoid bullying. However, an adverse resultant role of these schools may result in impaired children being unable to socialise with normal people in the future.Visual and hearing impairments can also affect a childs ability to communicate. It is particularly common for children with hearing impairments to have speech problems. Children suffering from deafness may communicate through signing, reducing the figure of people with which they may communicate. A large part of communication is through body language, with which a visually impaired child may find salient difficulty.Cognitive and CommunicationA child or young person with a cognitive disability has greater difficulty with one or more types of mental tasks t han the average person. Cognitive disabilities can be separated into two classes functional disability and clinical disability. Clinical disabilities include autism, Down syndrome, traumatic conceiver injury (TBI) and memory loss conditions (e.g. dementia, Alzheimers, amnesia and short term memory loss). Those with functional cognitive disabilities may find difficulty with memory problem-solving attention reading, linguistic, and communicative comprehension math comprehension and visual comprehension. If a child suffers from a severe clinical cognitive disability they will need assistance with tight every aspect of daily living.Cognitive disabilities often overlap with communication disorders for example autism is a developmental disorder that affects the brains normal development of social and communication skills. Other communication disorders include specific language impairment (mixed receptive-)expressive language disorder aphasia learning difficulties such as dyscalculia, dyslexia and dysgraphia and speech disorders such as cluttering, dysarthria, lisp, uttering, and phonological disorder.A common example of a clinical cognitive disability is Down syndrome. Children with Down syndrome can suffer problems affecting their physical development. These may include obstructive sleep apnoea, which may result in sleepiness and fatigue during the daytime lower rates of fertility dissymmetry of the atlanto-axial joint, which can lead to spinal cord injury low thyroid hip dislocations occurring without trauma slower growth rate change magnitude risk of epileptic seizures and an increased risk for obesity with ageing.Children with Down syndrome often have a better understanding of language than ability to speak, and may suffer from a stutter or rapid and irregular speech. However, usually this does not impair their social skills. Children may also experience turned on(p) and behavioural difficulties, such as an increased tendency for misbehaving and anger ou tbursts (including violence) and suffering with symptoms of depression and anxiety (often occurring during early adulthood).Children suffering from functional cognitive disabilities can struggle when it comes to learning, which can affect their social and emotional well-being. For example, if a child is behind with their reading and struggles during group reading sessions, they may find difficulty mixing with other children due to a feeling of ineptness. This can affect their social development and can cause the child to feel down or have low self-esteem (feeling stupid or inadequate).If a child suffers from a speech impediment, such as a stutter, other children may find difficulty understanding them. This can result in limited interaction with other children, resulting in feelings of frustration, annoyance and a lack of confidence. This may even affect other areas of development as they can feel as though they cant achieve, possibly causing low self-esteem.Emotional, Behavioural a nd SocialDifficulties arising with emotional, behavioural and social development often occur from emotional and behavioural disorders (EBD) and social anxiety disorder (otherwise known as social phobia). Children with EBD can exhibit characteristics that adversely affect their education. These include difficulty learning difficulty building or maintaining interpersonal relationships with other children and teachers inappropriate behaviour (e.g. acting out against their self or others) and feelings (e.g. low self-esteem/self worth and self harming) unhappiness or depression and an increased tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears regarding personal or school problems.If a child suffers from depression can experience a loss of interest in social activities, work and life. They may withdraw socially and can often separate themselves from others, which in turn can have a detrimental consequence on their ability to make friends. Withdrawal from lessons can affect cognitive develo pment, with children having difficulties in furthering their skills in reading, writing and problem solving.Children with eating disorders can suffer physical and neurological complications. Often, young children who suffer from eating disorders consisting of malnutrition can have an impaired rate of growth pubertal delay or arrest increased risk of heart disease and arrhythmia and neurological disorders such as seizures or tremors. Compulsive overeating can result in obesity, resulting in high blood pressure (hypertension), high cholesterol, type II diabetes and an increased risk of heart disease.Children with attention deficit active disorder (ADHD) act out their emotions as opposed to internalising them. They often exhibit behaviours such as fighting, bullying, cursing, and other forms of violence. This can have a detrimental effect on their social development if not managed from onset, conditioning them to feel that it is acceptable to act in this manner, and can also find frus tration in communicating general information,thoughts and feelings to others. Children and young people with ADHD that exhibit violent behaviour are often subject to isolation from classes, suspension and exclusion from school, which has an adverse effect on their educational development. This can affect cognitive development, particularly regarding skills such as reading, writing and problem-solving. Children and young people with ADHD often achieve at a lower grade than others.A child with social anxiety disorder may cry a lot, freeze or have tantrums. They often fear the school and classroom environment, and avoid participation in school performances. Social anxiety disorder can result in reduced communicational development, as the sufferer may fear talking in groups, starting conversations, taking to authority figures and speaking on the phone. They may also exhibit physical difficulties due to fears of eating or drinking in front of people, resulting in malnutrition low self-es teem and insecurity, especially regarding performance and body image, which may lead to the development of eating disorders and the misuse of drugs or alcohol, which can result in physical complications.

My Opinion About A.A.Milne’s “A Word for Autumn”

What can be more dreadful than tumble? Every year we say farewell to summer and always think of it as the end of the world, to tell the truth, me, too. Undoubtedly, thither are people who are fascinated with autumn, they like it. Anyway, its a beautiful snip of the year, very picturesque and bright, in particular during September. Leaves are red, orange, yellow, golden brown and amber. The air is cool, crisp and the sky looks darker and more boundless in the evenings.Butits autumn and nothing can be done till the next June. Its like a damnation and a punishment for relaxed and carefree summer weve just spent. A. A. Milne shares the other point of behold in his essay A Word for Autumn. The narrator is kind of a relativist here. He is like Zen-Buddhist, the good and the bad are making the one, chief(prenominal) law of livelihood for him, they are indivisible and everlasting. I had been thinking of the winter as a horrid wet, dreary time fit only for nonrecreational football.Now I can see other things- These other things are too the part of our mundane and routine life but they do blow up it and make cheerful sitting near by fireplace, having persistent talks with your parents or beloved ones during long and cold autumn and winter evenings, reading books or just muse on some things Good work shall be done this winter. Life shall be lived well. But I want to think a little about summer. Why do we like it so much and cherish its every day? Why does it so much lick our mood?Summer comes every year like an award for the long and cold winter that weve managed to withstand. Its my way of seeing it, of course, you may not sum with me. We like the sun, its warm and bright rays that are meeting us every summer morning, were fond of sunsets that stay in our memory for long time. Its great time of camping weekends, holidays on the sea-shore and long evening walks in the city parks. I like that trees and grass are so emerald green, I like azure blue sky and light clouds in it and the warm wind. These are things I like about summer.I see that people on the streets are more open and smile when summer comes. I think its in the air, this feeling of happiness, of youth and joyful moments. Everything makes a mix of have it off and sunny summer bliss and thats how it goes from year to year. Thats why, may be, it so important to keep this feeling and thought inside, and bring it throughout autumn and winter. We still dont have such a skill. To be honest, me not. I try to cultivate this habit in me but every time its in vain and A. A. Milne on the contrary succeeded in it and Im a little envious about him in this way.He is opulent here, he takes the best of life while he can, he enjoys every moment of life. He sees its beauty in the fresh celery and a wedge of cheese, in vegetables and fruits, in the pipe he just smoked, in taverns and London inns. And here comes the thought that its a good life and its going to be this way no matter what happens. The narrator wanted to make us think about it and he did. He ensured me and here I agree with him that The end of the summer is not the end of the world. Heres to October-and, waiter, some more celery.

Hiv And Aids Stigma Health And Social Care Essay

In Taylor s article .. , cited in Orme, 2003, Taylor emphasises on the significance of the populace in issues refering their health. The laterality of the biomedical location in the construct of wellness and healing where professionals are viewed as holding the cognition has had a batch of impact on humankind wellness globally. Harmonizing to Taylor, 2003, the populace, the ballad people ca-ca a important function in the procedure of wellness betterments. She emphasises on the importance of listen to, and arrest ballad people s experiences of their sick wellness and how it is affected by their day-to-day lives. This can assist us to understand why people stock the manner they do in order for us to be able to happen them the best possible intervention, by working in partnership with them and utilizing lendable resources. Taylor relates to this partnership in two key footings, the public wellness resources and the public wellness action. The former refers to a scope of opera te aimed at advancing wellness including disease surveillance and the latter refers to a broad scope of activities of groups, administration, communities and persons that can advance wellness, ( Taylor, 2003, cited in Orme, 2003 ) . Using Deems taylors, partnership of the ballad position and public wellness resources as a construct of wellness and healing, this paper shall research its significance to wellness and healing in relation to the human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS make. The paper give get down by specifying HIV stigma and place its causes. It will besides foreground how stigma affects people populating with HIV/AIDS. The paper will so consistently reexamine literature on HIV stigma from different surveies that drop been conducted and discourse the issues highlighted on them. The paper will complete by doing well-nigh recommendations on how to turn to some of the jobs of the HIV stigma.Goffman s theory of stigma in relation to HIV/AIDS is farther complimented by Parker and Aggleton, 2003, who interpret stigma as a tool of continuing or sabotaging societal constructions. They view stigma and favoritism as functional systems which maintain boundaries between those in force play and those without. Through such power, societal inequalities are developed therefore the favoritism of people harmonizing to gender, socio-economic position, age, gender, disablement and unwellness. Parker and Aggleton farther argue that from societal inequalities, societal norms are derived and this is when stigmatization formulates as these norms govern persons manners of behavior and reinforce power constructions that are transformed through discriminatory patterns that serve to insulate those that are regarded as foreigners. In most of the research examined in this reappraisal some(prenominal) Goffman s model and Parker and Aggleton s reading of stigma confirm the demand for public wellness and public wellness action to work manus in battling HIV/AIDS colligate stigm a.A batch of surveies have been conducted globally on the impact of HIV related stigma. Due to the wideness of the topic, this paper shall reexamine literature refering HIV/AIDS stigma in relation to public wellness resources and public wellness action, those underpinned by Goffman s theory of stigma. To increase the cogency and dependability of this reappraisal, a figure of web sites of different publishing houses and administrations such as Assia, through the Nottingham University subroutine library portal, PubMed, Sage, British Medical Journal, British Nursing Index, Cochrane and Eco host were visited for published articles on HIV/ AIDS stigma. The term HIV/AIDS stigma was used so that the hunt is non besides limited to stigma, HIV/AIDS or a peculiar geographical country. Abstractions from 20 surveies were reviewed for the survey aims, methodological analysis and cardinal findings. start of the 20 surveies, twelve surveies that met the standards were chosen. Articles that did non measure up for the standards were excluded. From the bibliographies of the selected articles, relevant paperss from other administrations such as the WHO and UNAIDS were besides reviewed.Research has highlighted a scope of features that confirm the demand for the ballad people s beliefs to be taken into serious consideration in the combat against HIV/AIDS stigma for the bar and intervention of the epidemic to be effectual. In Tanzania, the survey unveiled some discriminatory and stigmatised patterns such as dish the dirting about the patients HIV s position, disregard, verbal maltreatment, proving and unwraping HIV s position without consent, Tanzania s stigma-indicators field trial group, 2005. Similarly in India, wellness workers were unwraping the patients HIV position to their household members without seeking consent from the patient. The wellness workers even went to the extent of have oning baseball mitts even if there had been no physical contact during the interaction , Journal of Social Aspects, of HIV/AIDS, 2007. In other surveies, stigma and favoritism has a contributed a great trade in maintaining people off from accessing HIV/AIDS intervention and attention thereby compromising their wellness and good existence. The fright of being identified as infected with HIV was one of the grounds why some people prolonged proving for HIV even if they had the symptoms until their unwellness was at an locomote phase. This was chiefly due to the society s perceptual experience on how HIV is contracted. Research has proven that both experient and sensed stigma and favoritism have a terrible impact on both the persons and the public wellness, Bond V, Chase E, Aggleton P, 2002, Human resources of wellness, 2007, Varga C, Sherman G, Jones S, 2006, Kalichman SC, SImbayi L, 2003.Research has besides unveiled a really interest point on the wellness workers stigmatizing patients to cover up for their ain frights of their HIV position. They stigmatise and discri minate in order to keep their societal position as professionals for the fright of losing their power over the laic people who would them see them as portion of their community .While most of the literature on HIV related stigma is negative, research has besides highlighted increasing grounds of the value of supportive and de- stigmatising HIV services in some parts of the Earth. China, Brazil ..Recommendations, single degree, environment, policy, degree, preparation, enjoyment of participatory methods, affecting ballad people, monitoring of stigma, address the demands of wellness workersResearch has highlighted the significance of cut downing HIV/AIDS stigma as it poses deductions in preventing, attention and intervention of HIV/AIDS. There is demand for HIV programmes to underscore on the deductions of the stigma as one of its precedences. Service suppliers should supply support services to dispute pattern that promotes HIV- stigma by professionals, within communities and gl obally. HIV/AIDS has claimed a batch of lives and still continues to claim more, the consequence of stigma on both the person s wellness and well-being and public wellness results calls for all of us to fall in custodies in battling the spread of this deathly epidemic. By merely altering our attitudes towards people populating HIV/AIDS we will hold made our part towards public wellness for all.

Community Development Essay

Achieving gender equality and empowering women be necessary to achieve social, economic and political development. Today, girls and women continue to benefit from wellness and education services with women surpassing men in enrolment and academic achievements in m whatever situations. Women in Malaysia are also more actively knotty today in politics and numerous other national initiatives. Malaysias commitment and dedication to the advancement of women is evident in many of its programs and policies in the exsert two decades.In 1985, the Government of Malaysia formulated the National polity on Women as a guide for womens participation in the development process. The Policy helps elicit womens quality of life by overcoming challenges through poverty eradication and education. The stature of women became a primary objective of the 6th Malaysia Plan (1991 1995), where a special fund for the development of women became a significant and integral step towards empowering women in Mala ysia. Subsequent Malaysia Plans continue to focus on the needs of women with recommendations to advance their puzzle in society.By agreeing to the commitments set forth in the Beijing Platform for Action at the UN Fourth World Conference on Women (1995), the Government promised to 1) enhance the national machinery for womens advancement 2) make up womens participation in decision-making 3) safeguard womens rights to health, education and social well being and 4) remove levelheaded obstacles and gender discriminatory practices. In 1995, the Government also ratified the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women(CEDAW). In 2001, the Government created the Ministry of Women and Family training with a mandate to address issues on women and uplift the stature of women in the country.Malaysias Constitution was amended in August 2001 to prohibit discrimination in any law on the basis of gender. The Government continues to play a crucial and supportive role in achieving greater gender equality in the country, by providing a healthy environment for the advancement of women at both national and international arenas. The Ministry of Women, Family and Community phylogeny which is responsible for addressing womens issues in Malaysia has had its budget increase from RM 1.8 million (US$ 0.5 million) in 2001 to RM 30.5 million (US$ 8.6 million) in 2005, demonstrating the countrys serious commitment to the cause.Future challenges to be considered include addressing the continued poverty among female-headed households combating violence against women cosmetic surgery the effectiveness of gender mainstreaming strategies reducing womens risk of contracting HIV removing attitudinal challenges that impact capacity-building and raising the level of womens participation in the labour force, in business and in politics and government.KPWKM is headed by a Minister, currently held by Datuk Seri Shahrizat Abdul Jalil (UMNO). She is assisted by a D eputy Minister, currently held by Senator Heng Seai Kie (MCA). The following departments and agencies are under the purview of the KPWKM* Department for Womens DevelopmentIn 1975, the Government set up the National Advisory Council on the Integration of Women in Development (NACIWID) as the machinery to ensure the involvement of women in development. In 1983, the Secretariat for Womens Affairs (HAWA) in the Prime Ministers Department was established to intromit over the tasks of the NACIWID Secretariat. From 1997, HAWA functioned as a department under the former Ministry of National Unity and Social Development. In 2001, the Department was placed under the then pertly established KPWKM and restructured as the Department for Womens Development (DWD). By 2002, the DWD had set up branch offices in every state in Malaysia.7* Social public assistance DepartmentInitially set up in 1946 as the Community Welfare Department of Malaya, the Social Welfare Department (SWD) has evolved in ful filling its role in national development. From initially being involved in mitigating the social problems brought about by the immediate post-war period, the role and functions of this department have expanded to cover bar and rehabilitation services in social issues as well as community development.8* National Population and Family Development BoardThe National Population and Family Development Board (NPFDB) was established in 1966 to improve the reproductive health status of women and men and encourage family planning. It has since evolved to include policy and advisory roles by assisting planners and programme managers to contain population and family development into sectoral development programme planning as well as facilitate policy makers to consider population and family development factors in the cooking of national development policies and strategies.9* Social Institute of MalaysiaThe Social Institute of Malaysia was set up to promote professional and semi-professional training in the field of training and seek as well as social education to all social workers from various levels and groups from within and outside the country including non-governmental organizations. It currently operates from a 50-acre (200,000 m2) campus in Sungai Besi that was finish in 2001.

Ontario Teacher’s Pension Plan Essay

Ontario instructors Pension Plan Board Hedging Foreign Currency Exposure Ontario Teachers Pension Plan Board Hedging Foreign Currency Exposure Issue Identification The Ontario Teachers Pension Plan (OTPP) is a defined contribution conception that was created in 1917 to provide and administer a support plan for Ontario school teachers. Sponsored by the Ontario Government and the Ontario Teachers Federation, the plan currently actualizes 343,000 teachers, former teachers and pensioners.The recent presidential term decision to eliminate the 30% constraint on foreign investments and the increase volatility in the currency merchandise has prompted the OTPP Investment Committee to address the following 1. Whether to continue the International Equity Swap Program 2. Whether to administer changes to the Foreign commute Hedging Policy Goals and Objectives In order to come to a decision, it is necessary that any ancestor put forth must align with the goals and objectives of the fund. O TPP is a long-term fund determined to lessen hazard, approachs and the additional contributions required to fund the plan while maximizing its returns.OTPP Investment Strategy In the early 1990s the OTPP board realized that it was substantive to begin investing abroad to diversify risk and to capitalize on international opportunities to achieve greater returns, given the size of the fund. However, it was not until 1996 that the Foreign veer Hedge Program (FX Hedge Program) was implemented in response to a significant rise in currency exposure. As the fund faced increased foreign currency risk, risk management became essential and thus, a hedging policy of 50% of its foreign currency exposure was introduced.Due to the fact that OTPP has a continual commitment in supporting its pensioners, it must expose itself to limited risk and effectively hedge against any un judge changes in its investments. Hence, a buttoned-down policy of hedging 50% of foreign exchange exposure was enfor ced. Additionally, the International Equity Swap Program (IE Swap Program) was implemented as a solution to the government restriction of 30% ownership of foreign investments. Since most assets were tied up in non-marketable Ontario Debentures, a swap program enabled OTPP to reallocate its assets.OTPP Performance paygrade The strategic decision to diversify beyond Canada and into global markets has proved to be beneficial to the OTPP investment portfolio. It has contributed substantial value to the fund over the 10 course period (1995-2005) by reducing potential losses, since five of the six foreign currencies appreciated against the Canadian dollar. For the past 15 years, OTPP investments have also consistently outperformed the benchmark rate of returns, generating a 10-year average rate of return of 11. 4% and a gross return of $15. billion over benchmark returns. Despite the portfolios invalidating rate of returns in 2001-2002, it has still produced considerable investment gr owth in relation to the benchmark, demonstrating the strength of OTPPs investment policies in risk management. However, since interest range have declined by approximately 3% (1990-2004), the value of the pension fund has increased. This has resulted in larger amount of payments made to pensioners. Additionally, the demographics of the OTPP plan membership have changed importantly over the past 30 years.The ratio of active members per retiree has decreased from 101 in the 1970s to the present ratio of 1. 61. Moreover, the expected years retirees rely on the pension have also increased to 29 years. All these factors have exerted a great deal of pressure on the pension plan to sustain its funding with contributions from fewer working teachers. With the foreign currency market being increasingly volatile, OTPP is concerned regarding its future ability to support pension payments. Decision CriteriaThe Investment Committee must consider the following criteria when deciding whether to im plement changes to the International Equity Swap Program and Foreign Exchange Hedging Policy the funds exposure to foreign exchange risk, transaction costs, and an alignment of goals and objectives of the fund. Alternative Although OTPP has performed well in the past, the future outlook of the pension plan remains uncertain. Therefore, OTPP has four alternatives to the future direction of the fund. OTPP can continue or discontinue the IE Swap Program and maintain or edict the current 50% FX Hedge Policy.Continue/Discontinue the Swap Program Previously, the swap program was used as a means to bypass the government restriction on foreign investment. With the regulation being lifted, OTPP has to now evaluate whether the swap program remains necessary. The program has allowed OTPP to reallocate their assets cost-effectively as it eliminates OTPPs cost of transacting directly in foreign exchange market. Moreover, since OTPP does not gain ownership of the securities, it has reduced the a mount of cash required and limited its risk by transferring the risk to counter-parties (UBS, Credit Suisse, JP Morgan, etc. ).

Supply and Demand and Barr S Product

Analysis the advantages and disadvantages to Barrs of its product mix. (10) A. G. Barr is a traditional company mainly operated soft drinks. reaping mix of A. G. Barr can be categories into two parts one is Barrs Own Brands and one is Barrs Franchise Brands. Advantages of Barrs Product Mix through and through the slipperiness study, A. G. Barr ships company has suffered fierce competition and last becomes a historied company. It has sophisticated distribution channel which can help company save the address and easier to gain economics of scale. b) the demand for barrs product is probably cost chewy. Explain how this may regularize the way in which barrs markets it product. (5) Definition of the price snatch of demand price elasticity is a kind of measurement which used to measure sensitivity of changes in quantity demanded in response to the changes of price. And for A. G. Barr, the main product, Irn-Bru, is a kind of product which its price elastic to demand, in other wor d means coefficient elastic > 1. We find that few companies are involved in soft drinks industry. So A. G. Barr is in oligopoly market.Due to the special reference of oligopoly market, Irn-Bru is a convenient product, easily influenced by price factors and sensitive to the changes of price, either competitors price or itself. Market activities Pricing activities price policy due to the character of Irn-Bru, price elastic to demand, utilise lower price strategy to enhance the sale could help company to plus turn over. Through the case study, during 2001 and 2002, the rate of exchange between Euro and Pound has changed. The Euro has depreciated which made import becoming cheaper than buy local products. The A. G. Barr Company reduced 30% of price for the wholesalers.Though the appendix six, the turnover of 2002 is utmoster than turnover of 2001. This action has efficient increase the turnover and makes the market share steady. Promotion A. G. Barr Company has large investment fo cus on promotion. Through the case study Robin Barr said we remain convinced, however, that the continuing investment in our brands will stool for A. G. Barr the optimum long term growth. This shows that company pays more attention on building brand awareness and loyalty, try to make product different from others, known as differentiation. It would decrease the elasticity of demand. Benefits of reducing elasticity Company could reduce uncertainty of Irn-Bru demand and risk, such as influence caused by external factors particularly price factors. * Maintain the market share and freedom in setting price. Chance of using high pricing policy For instance Irn-Bru sponsors the Xmas and New Year Carnival at the SECC in Glasgow. In 2002, this attracted over 140,000 people. This action could enlarge the brand influence and build its own brand awareness, more than that, with the development of promotion, company decreases the elasticity of demand potentially. it will help company to void the uncertainly risk and when elasticity

Macbeth: Post Traumatic Essay

Throughout the story, Macbeth seems to signal symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Post traumatic Stress Disorder is an emotional illness that unremarkably develops as a result of a terribly frightening, life-threatening, or otherwise highly unsafe experience. He fountains experiencing terrifying events after he became a murder. Macbeths problem of experiencing symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, when initial blot outed the traitor in the beginning of the coif 1, ikon 2. Macbeth does suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder and throughout the story, Macbeth acquaint much symptoms of PTSD, dealing with the expiration of the traitor, Death of Duncan, and Banquo.In the first act, Macbeth is a soldier in the army. In the Act 1, Scene 2, the captain explains to the king, that Macbeth has killed the traitor. Which smoked with bloody execution, like valors minion carved out his going till he faced the slave which nevr shook hands, nor bade f arewell to him, till h e unseamed him from the nave to the chops (Act 1 Scene 2 18-22). The cleaning of the traitor was the start of Macbeths killing spree, also the start of the post traumatic stress disorder. The way Macbeth killed the soldier, was very gruesome. The gory, intense event shocked Macbeth and left a horrible image in his head.Dr. Roxanne Dryden Edwards says People who are exposed to war combat have been diagnosed with PTSD. After that decease, Macbeths next victim was King Duncan, so Macbeth could become king. Macbeth kills King Duncan, so he could become king. After the death of King Duncan, Macbeth enters the room, where Lady Macbeth is. His hands covered in blood, meaning that he has completed the deed of killing Duncan. I have done the deed. Didst thou not hear a noise? Dr. Roxanne Dryden Edwards, a person who has PTSD, will experience hallucination. (Act 2, Scene 2).After the death of Duncan, Macbeth is unable to sleep. In the story, Since Macbeth killed Duncan in his sleep it als o means that Macbeth cant sleep neither. Since it cried Sleep no much to all the house Glamis hath murdered sleep, and therefore Cawdor shall sleep no more Macbeth shall sleep no more. (Act 2, Scene 2 40- 42). The symptom of PTSD is that after a terrifying event, the person will not be able to sleep. Dr. Roxanne Dryden Edwards says PTSD symptoms are chronic physical signs of hyper arousal, including sleep problems, trouble concentrating, irritability, anger, poor concentration.After the death of Duncan, Banquo was next line for death row, for knowing who killed Duncan. During Act 3 Scene 1, Macbeth talks to two murderers some killing Banquo. Banquo knows that Duncans murderer was Macbeth. Macbeth hired two murderers to kill Banquo, so Banquo would not tell anyone. corroborate you considered of my speeches? Know that it was he in the times past, which held you so under fortune, which you thought had been our innocent self this I made good to you in our last conference ( Act 3, Scene 1) The two murderers agree to kill Banquo, because if they didnt follow Macbeths order, they would be killed themselves.Macbeth is being manipulative the reason why is that Dr. Roxanne Dryden Edwards says PTSD causes a person to paranoid and not want to be around anyone. After the death of Banquo, Macbeth started hallucinating as if he was seeing Banquos ghost. Avaunt And quit my sight Let the earth hide thee Thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold thou hast no speculation in those eyes, which thou dost glare with. Hallucinating is a symptom of PSTD, usually recurrent re-experiencing of the trauma, for example, troublesome memories, flashbacks that are usually caused by reminders of the traumatic events, go on day mares about the trauma.Macbeth does suffer from PTSD and throughout the story Macbeth shows more symptoms of PTSD, dealing with the death of the traitor, death of Duncan, and Banquo. Macbeth did have PSTD. Proving that all of the events that Macbeth was invo lved in all of the tragic. For the death of the traitor, that was the spark of Macbeths major killing spree. Next was the King Duncans death and finally was Banquos death. Each of these tragic events was the cause of Macbeth having PTSD. any one of those deaths, increase the killing and made Macbeth go insane leading to his death. Isnt better to show your true colors, than be black and white?

Boycott and Lockout as an Anti Impasse Weapon

Boycott and Lockout as an anti cul de sac weapon. 1. Introdcution 2. Main Body Collective Bargaining knockout Lockout Boycott modeling for Lockout Example for Boycott 3. Conclusion References Introduction In this study, Collective bargaining Collective bargaining takes place surrounded by workers northward and employer or employersorganization. Workers category and join the union which represent and protect their interest against employers. Labor union mint be formed by industry, sector, region etc.Similarly, employers or organizations also can form group or union according to their common interest and objectives. By forming groups, union and organization some(prenominal) side gain power of collective voice against each an other(prenominal). Collective bargaining has also dissimilar advantages and useful aspects for both concerning parties. It provides meaning and power to the agreements related to wages, working conditions made by two sides. By this way employers and worke rs union can easily define the rules governing their relationship. (Ref. Usually parties bargain in unplayful fair, make agreement, maintain consensus point and satisfy each other with their demand. But not always it works, when they pass out to re clear up the disputes, occurs conflict between parties. In get the picture market this deadlock situation is called deadlock. When parties reach impasse situation, they are using economic weapons against each other to drama. Employees pressures employers by going to strike and boycott in order to get what they demand from them. Similarly, employers organize lockout and by stopping production to exert pressure on employees.These bodily functions are lawful when performed in peaceful manner and controlled not to allow to occur violence during the action. Strike drawframe Source ONS labour disputes survey Boycott Labor union makes use of boycott as an economic weapon against employers when conflict occurs between them. The boycott is a ttempt made by labor union to influence the employer directly or indirectly. When occurs conflict between union and employer, members of the union refuses work for the employer and hold back business dealings with them. his type of directly influencing is called primarily boycott. When members of the union attempt to coerce the employer through suppliers and customers of the employer or through third parties, it is called secondary boycott. Secondary type of boycott is more effective than primarily and it is illegal. It can be lawful and allowed when limited conditions are met. Lockout Employers utilize the lockout as their economic weapon against unions. Just wish well unions, employers also have to enhance their position in collective bargaining.Employers lock out their workers in dumb season gain some advantage over union, so they ensure their labor issues for further busiest season. Thus, they maneuver over labor union. Employers use it rarely, although lockout is their prima rily economic weapon against labor unions. During lockout timeframe employers can hire temporary replacements but it is legal to hire permanent replacements. Royal Mail Strike CWU used strike action as a economic weapon against Royal Mail as they failed to make agreement and solve dispute over pay, working conditions and modernization.Unions strike action which took place before the finical season urged Royal Mail to negotiate with them. At least they decided to have period of settle in which both side make long term deal by considering each others interest and solve the modernization issue. Conclusion Sometimes in labor market impasse situation occurs, when employers and union fail to solve dispute between them. One of the parties uses economic weapon against other such as strike and lockout so that they can have power in bargaining. In this study, temper of collective bargaining is argued,

Pepsico

What three exists do pennies chit-chat on society? A. The cost of coat used In pennies has gone up beyond the face think of of the coin itself. So manufacturing pennies is non worth. It takes approximately 1. 8 cent to draw one penny coin. Eventually this cost will be suffered by the society. B. Pennies atomic number 18 non worth the judgment of conviction to count or store In the veritable economic market. C. Pennies burden In doomed weight transaction In the economy. 2. Are U. S. Coins fiat notes or commodity money? Other than pennies and nickels, U. S. Runners today is fiat, the face value being in a beastly manner to a greater extent than the value of the metal or paper. 3. Why such a sulky recovery? Name the explanations for the s baseborn US recovery John Taylor reject. Explain his reasoning. S pitiable Recovery- Gap does not close between voltage GAP and existing GAP. This is due to variety of macro and micro reasons. Macro reasons vast time low interest r ates, debates about the size of multiplier Micro reasons demand for housing, stimulus package aimed at health c ar, excessive risk taking Secondly the growth rate of Real GAP was very low.Due to low growth rate, Employment recovery as weak, causing better-looking carve up of functional age world not working. 4. Which argument does John Taylor find most convincing? John finds bad economic insurance policy being the major reason for vague economic growth- like stimulus packages, cash for clunkers, subsidies for first time home buyers. All these created short time root word but not sustainable recovery. 5. What ar some of the measures of uncertainty that John Taylor considers as contributing to the slow recovery? John thinks that it is hard to make long term decision when economy is in uncertain state.The expiration of 2001-2003 tax cut, temporary cut in social security tax, expiration of unemployment benefits, delay in fix of Medic atomic number 18, affordable care act taxe s imposed, expending cuts all this caused general uncertainty. 6. What are the key explanations for the slow recovery that Dry Lamer gives that differ from John Tailors explanation? A. The theorise market Is not strong, thither are extreme Job losses. In the normal Job market scenarios the Jobs are lost, layoffs are done and people are hired back. In the current spatial relation the Jobs are lost and workers are displaced arcing them to relocate and in many cases acquire new skills.One example is half(prenominal) a mil manufacturing jobs permanently displaced workers. These jobs did never come back. B. Due globalization and government policies , on that point are advanced technological changes in the manufacturing as well as many other industries increasing the productivity. barely the low skilled labor is not competent to this technologically advanced job market. For this education dodging must undergo changes to create the workforce which is skilled for such jobs. 7. What three costs do pennies impose on society? Re not worth the time to count or store in the current economic market. . Pennies substantially more(prenominal) than the value of the metal or paper. 9. Why such a slow his reasoning. Slow Recovery Gap does not close between Potential GAP and Real was weak, causing big fraction of working age population not working. 10. Which these created short time solution but not sustainable recovery. 11. What are some of the measures of uncertainty that John Taylor considers as contributing to the slow taxes imposed, spending cuts all this caused general uncertainty. 12. What are the Tailors explanation? . The Job market is not strong, there are extreme Job losses.In mil manufacturing Jobs permanently displaced workers. These Jobs did never come back. D. Due globalization and government policies , there are advanced technologically advanced Job market. For this education system must undergo changes to create the workforce which is skilled for such Jobs. 13. What three costs do pennies impose on society? A. The cost of metal used in pennies has gone up beyond the face value of the coin result in dead weight transaction in the economy. 14. Are U. S. Coins fiat money or bestially more than the value of the metal or paper. 5. Why such a slow was weak, causing big fraction of working age population not working. 16. Which these created short time solution but not sustainable recovery. 17. What are some taxes imposed, spending cuts all this caused general uncertainty. 18. What are the Tailors explanation? E. The Job market is not strong, there are extreme Job losses. In back. F. Due globalization and government policies , there are advanced 19. What three costs do pennies impose on society? Result in dead weight transaction in the economy. 0. Are U. S. Ions fiat money or substantially more than the value of the metal or paper. 21. Why such a slow was weak, causing big fraction of working age population not working. 22. Which these created short time solution but not sustainable recovery. 23. What are some taxes imposed, spending cuts all this caused general uncertainty. 24. What are the Tailors explanation? G. The Job market is not strong, there are extreme Job losses. In back. H. Due globalization and government policies , there are advanced 25. What three costs do pennies impose on society? Cult in dead weight transaction in the economy. 26. Are U. S. Coins fiat money or substantially more than the value of the metal or paper. 27. Why such a slow was weak, causing big fraction of working age population not working. 28. Which these created short time solution but not sustainable recovery. 29. What are some taxes imposed, spending cuts all this caused general uncertainty. 30. What are the Tailors explanation? I. The Job market is not strong, there are extreme Job losses. In back.